We describe our system for the ArchEHR-QA Shared Task on answering clinical questions using electronic health records (EHRs). Our approach uses large language models in two steps: first, to find sentences in the EHR relevant to a clinician's question, and second, to generate a short, citation-supported response based on those sentences. We use few-shot prompting, self-consistency, and thresholding to improve the sentence classification step to decide which sentences are essential. We compare several models and find that a smaller 8B model performs better than a larger 70B model for identifying relevant information. Our results show that accurate sentence selection is critical for generating high-quality responses and that self-consistency with thresholding helps make these decisions more reliable.

The recent proliferation of AI-generated content has prompted significant interest in developing reliable detection methods. This study explores techniques for identifying AI-generated text through sentence-level evaluation within hybrid articles. Our findings indicate that ChatGPT-3.5 Turbo exhibits distinct, repetitive probability patterns that enable consistent in-domain detection. Empirical tests show that minor textual modifications, such as rewording, have minimal impact on detection accuracy. These results provide valuable insights for advancing AI detection methodologies, offering a pathway toward robust solutions to address the complexities of synthetic text identification.

Sequential sentence classification (SSC) in scientific publications is crucial for supporting downstream tasks such as fine-grained information retrieval and extractive summarization. However, current SSC methods are constrained by model size, sequence length, and single-label setting. To address these limitations, this paper proposes LLM-SSC, a large language model (LLM)-based framework for both single- and multi-label SSC tasks. Unlike previous approaches that employ small- or medium-sized language models, the proposed framework utilizes LLMs to generate SSC labels through designed prompts, which enhance task understanding by incorporating demonstrations and a query to describe the prediction target. We also present a multi-label contrastive learning loss with auto-weighting scheme, enabling the multi-label classification task. To support our multi-label SSC analysis, we introduce and release a new dataset, biorc800, which mainly contains unstructured abstracts in the biomedical domain with manual annotations. Experiments demonstrate LLM-SSC's strong performance in SSC under both in-context learning and task-specific tuning settings. We release biorc800 and our code at: https://github.com/ScienceNLP-Lab/LLM-SSC.

This work investigates the identification of Charismatic Leadership Tactics (CLTs) in natural language using a fine-tuned Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model. Based on an own extensive corpus of CLTs generated and curated for this task, our methodology entails training a machine learning model that is capable of accurately identifying the presence of these tactics in natural language. A performance evaluation is conducted to assess the effectiveness of our model in detecting CLTs. We find that the total accuracy over the detection of all CLTs is 98.96\% The results of this study have significant implications for research in psychology and management, offering potential methods to simplify the currently elaborate assessment of charisma in texts.

We introduce new dataset 'CORD-19-Vaccination' to cater to scientists specifically looking into COVID-19 vaccine-related research. This dataset is extracted from CORD-19 dataset [Wang et al., 2020] and augmented with new columns for language detail, author demography, keywords, and topic per paper. Facebook's fastText model is used to identify languages [Joulin et al., 2016]. To establish author demography (author affiliation, lab/institution location, and lab/institution country columns) we processed the JSON file for each paper and then further enhanced using Google's search API to determine country values. 'Yake' was used to extract keywords from the title, abstract, and body of each paper and the LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) algorithm was used to add topic information [Campos et al., 2020, 2018a,b]. To evaluate the dataset, we demonstrate a question-answering task like the one used in the CORD-19 Kaggle challenge [Goldbloom et al., 2022]. For further evaluation, sequential sentence classification was performed on each paper's abstract using the model from Dernoncourt et al. [2016]. We partially hand annotated the training dataset and used a pre-trained BERT-PubMed layer. 'CORD- 19-Vaccination' contains 30k research papers and can be immensely valuable for NLP research such as text mining, information extraction, and question answering, specific to the domain of COVID-19 vaccine research.

In Open-domain Question Answering (ODQA), it is essential to discern relevant contexts as evidence and avoid spurious ones among retrieved results. The model architecture that uses concatenated multiple contexts in the decoding phase, i.e., Fusion-in-Decoder, demonstrates promising performance but generates incorrect outputs from seemingly plausible contexts. To address this problem, we propose the Multi-Granularity guided Fusion-in-Decoder (MGFiD), discerning evidence across multiple levels of granularity. Based on multi-task learning, MGFiD harmonizes passage re-ranking with sentence classification. It aggregates evident sentences into an anchor vector that instructs the decoder. Additionally, it improves decoding efficiency by reusing the results of passage re-ranking for passage pruning. Through our experiments, MGFiD outperforms existing models on the Natural Questions (NQ) and TriviaQA (TQA) datasets, highlighting the benefits of its multi-granularity solution.

Scientific articles are long text documents organized into sections, each describing aspects of the research. Analyzing scientific production has become progressively challenging due to the increase in the number of available articles. Within this scenario, our approach consisted of fine-tuning transformer language models to generate sentence-level embeddings from scientific articles, considering the following labels: background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion. We trained our models on three datasets with contrastive learning. Two datasets are from the article's abstracts in the computer science and medical domains. Also, we introduce PMC-Sents-FULL, a novel dataset of sentences extracted from the full texts of medical articles. We compare the fine-tuned and baseline models in clustering and classification tasks to evaluate our approach. On average, clustering agreement measures values were five times higher. For the classification measures, in the best-case scenario, we had an average improvement in F1-micro of 30.73\%. Results show that fine-tuning sentence transformers with contrastive learning and using the generated embeddings in downstream tasks is a feasible approach to sentence classification in scientific articles. Our experiment codes are available on GitHub.

Pre training of language models on large text corpora is common practice in Natural Language Processing. Following, fine tuning of these models is performed to achieve the best results on a variety of tasks. In this paper we question the common practice of only adding a single output layer as a classification head on top of the network. We perform an AutoML search to find architectures that outperform the current single layer at only a small compute cost.

Detecting salient parts in text using natural language processing has been widely used to mitigate the effects of information overflow. Nevertheless, most of the datasets available for this task are derived mainly from academic publications. We introduce SPACE-IDEAS, a dataset for salient information detection from innovation ideas related to the Space domain. The text in SPACE-IDEAS varies greatly and includes informal, technical, academic and business-oriented writing styles. In addition to a manually annotated dataset we release an extended version that is annotated using a large generative language model. We train different sentence and sequential sentence classifiers, and show that the automatically annotated dataset can be leveraged using multitask learning to train better classifiers.

The Sequential Sentence Classification task within the domain of medical abstracts, termed as SSC, involves the categorization of sentences into pre-defined headings based on their roles in conveying critical information in the abstract. In the SSC task, sentences are often sequentially related to each other. For this reason, the role of sentence embedding is crucial for capturing both the semantic information between words in the sentence and the contextual relationship of sentences within the abstract to provide a comprehensive representation for better classification. In this paper, we present a hierarchical deep learning model for the SSC task. First, we propose a LSTM-based network with multiple feature branches to create well-presented sentence embeddings at the sentence level. To perform the sequence of sentences, a convolutional-recurrent neural network (C-RNN) at the abstract level and a multi-layer perception network (MLP) at the segment level are developed that further enhance the model performance. Additionally, an ablation study is also conducted to evaluate the contribution of individual component in the entire network to the model performance at different levels. Our proposed system is very competitive to the state-of-the-art systems and further improve F1 scores of the baseline by 1.0%, 2.8%, and 2.6% on the benchmark datasets PudMed 200K RCT, PudMed 20K RCT and NICTA-PIBOSO, respectively.